Parthian, Roman and Sasanian Mesopotamia

The Parthians gain control over much of Mesopotamia, although control of the region continues to shift during later centuries.

The Roman emperor Trajan briefly conquers much of Mesopotamia, but Roman control is difficult to maintain.

The Sasanian Persian Empire begins and later controls much of Mesopotamia for several centuries.

Muslim Arab armies defeat Sasanian forces in the region. Mesopotamia becomes part of the expanding Islamic world, marking the end of the ancient political era of Mesopotamian history.